Tunisia: Fifty years of achievements (1956-2006)
I – In the social field
• Poverty rate : - 1956 : 50% - 1986 : 7.7% - 2005 : 3.9% An average decrease of 1% per year.
• Life expectancy at birth :
- 1956 : 51.1 years - 1984 : 67.4 years - 2005 : 73.8 years About one-year increase every two years.
• Education:
Schooling rate for the 6-14 age bracket: - 1956 : 33% - 1984 : 75.9% - 2004 : 95.1% The schooling rate has increased threefold during 50 years of independence.
• Illiteracy eradication:
Literacy for the age bracket 10 years old and more: - 1956 : 84.7% - 1984 : 46.2% - 2005 : 21.9% The illiteracy rate has decreased four times since independence.
• Higher education :
- Academic year 1956-1957 : • Number of students : 2,140 • Percentage of female students : 17% • Rate of enrollment of the 20-24 age bracket: 0.5% - Academic year 1986-1987 : • Number of students : 40,830 • Percentage of female students : 36.7% • Rate of enrollment : 5.7% - Academic year 2005-2006 : • Number of students : 332,000 • Percentage of female students : 59% • Rate of enrollment : 35.5% The number of students has exceeded 150 times its level at the beginning of independence, while the percentage of female students has doubled, and the rate of the enrollment has been multiplied by 44.
• Number of jobs created :
- 1956-1986 : 700,000 - 1987-2006 : 1.160,000 {mospagebreak} II – Infrastructure
• Water :
- 1956-1986 : Construction of 12 big dams. - 1987-2006 : Construction of 12 big dams. Total number of dams constructed: 24, that’s a big dam every second year.
• Roads :
- Achievements during the period 1956-1987 : • Road asphalting : 5,800 kms. • Improvement and development of main roads: GP1 Tunis-Sfax ; GP3 Tunis-Le Fahs ; GP5 Tunis-Le Kef ; GP8 Tunis-Bizerte. • Surroundings of “Great Tunis”: launch of the modernization works of the main roads, and construction of the new bypasses, such as the road X in direction of the airport.
• Highways :
Launch of the south highway section linking the capital to “Turki”, then to Hammamet.
• Byway roads :
Implementation of projects, according to the required technical standards, in the various regions of the country. - Achievements of the period 1987-2006 : • Road asphalting : 1,700 kms. (1987-2002). • Implementation of improvement programs, consisting essentially in extending roads up to at least a 7-meter width. These programs concerned roads with a total length of 4,745 kms.
• Express roads :
Construction of a network of express roads with a total length of 2,000 kms.
• Highways :
Construction of a network of highways with a total length of 308 kms.
• Network reinforcement :
Implementation of programs for 2.761 kms, as part of reinforcing the covering of roads by a new asphalt layer.
• Network development :
Construction of new links, in order to fill gaps in the road network.
• Implementation of programs for the construction of new roads with a total length of 1,100 kms.
• Bridges :
Construction of 116 bridges in order to facilitate road traffic and avoid river floods.
• Roads of “Great Tunis”:
Construction of 73 kms of roads; implementation of 5 interchanges and 34 projects, including the project of Bab Saâdoun and the project of Rades bridge, and lighting of 66,7 kms of roads.
• Structured roads in large cities:
Construction of 80,5 kms of roads, and implementation of 35 projects.
• Access to towns :
Development of numbered roads with a total length of 774 kms.
• Development of byway roads:
Construction and development of 3,054 kms of byway roads, and equipping them with installations intended for the flow of rainwater, in order to link remote urban groupings to network of numbered roads.
• Asphalting of byway roads : 4,626 kms.
- The total achievements in the road sector during the period 1956-2006 : • Road asphalting : 7,500 kms • New roads construction : 1,253 kms • Reinforcement, modernization and development of roads: 14,080kms • Express roads : 2,000 kms • Highways : 308 kms • Construction and development of byway roads : 3,054 kms • Asphalting of byway roads : 4,626 kms • Bridges : 116 • Interchanges : 5
- Industrial zones :
The period 1972 -1987 : • Development of 81 industrial areas covering an area of 2.600 hectares. The period 1987-2005 : • Development of 59 industrial areas covering an area of 1,500 hectares • Establishment of a national program for the upgrading of the infrastructure in 75 industrial areas, covering a surface area of 2750 ha. • Re-development of 23 industrial areas. • Implementation of a new generation of industrial zones including a modern communication infrastructure. {mospagebreak} III – Improvement of living conditions
• Drinking water :
- Drinking water supply in rural areas : • 1956 : 9.2% • 1987 : 40.3% • 2006 : 92.6% This rate has increased tenfold since Independence.
- Rate of connection to SONEDE network
* 1968 : 21.9% * 1987 : 54.7% * 2006 : 84.6%
- Electrification in rural areas :
* 1988 : 34% * 2004 : 97.3%
• Housing:
- 1966 : Number of houses : 875,000 Rate of sub-standard houses: 44.5% - 1984 : Number of houses : 1.313,000 Rate of sub-standard houses: 8.8% - 2004 : Number of houses : 2.500,000 Rate of sub-standard houses: 0.8% The number of houses has increased three times since Independence, whereas the rate of substandard houses has decreased at an average of 1% each year during the same period. {mospagebreak} IV – Economic growth
• Irrigated primeters :
1960 : 50,000 ha 1986 : 257,000 ha 2005 : 385,000 ha The surface area of the irrigated perimeters has increased 8 times since Independence.
• Contribution of productive sectors to the GDP:
- 1967-1969 : • Agricultural sector : 22% • Manufacturing industries: 9%, including 4% food-processing industries. • Non-manufacturing industries : 13% including 7% public works. • Commercial services : 23% - 1970-1986 : • Agricultural sector : 18% • Non-manufacturing industries : 20% including more than 11% fuel oils. • Services : 49% including 21% for commerce
• GDP volume:
1986 : 7,160 million dinars (M.D.) 2006 : 40,305 M.D. The GDP volume has increased six times. • Growth rate (at constant prices) 1977-1986 : 4.1% 1987-1996 : 4.4% 1997-2006 : 5%
• Evolution of the annual per capita income:
1986 : 960 dinars 2006 : 3,995 dinars The annual per capita income has increased.
• Evolution of the growth rate by sector (in %) :
7th Plan 8th Plan 9th Plan 10th Plan 2006
(87-91) (92-96) (97-2001) (2002-05) Production growth 4.2 4.6 5.3 4.0 5.8 Agriculture and fisheries 5.5 -1.2 2.6 2.8 3,.0 Manufacturing industries 5.5 5.9 6.1 2.2 4,.2 Non-manufacturing industries -0.5 3.4 4.6 3.5 3.3 Services 3.3 6.5 6.9 7.3 9.1 GDP growth 3.7 5.7 5.7 4.2 6.2 (not including agriculture)
• GDP structure (in %) :
Agriculture 17.1 16.4 15.2 13.5 12.8
Manufacturing industries 18.7 19.9 20.5 19.9 18.8 Non-manufacturing industries 15.3 13.9 13.0 12.3 11.8 Services 48.9 49.8 51.3 54.3 56.6
• Evolution of public and private consumption during
the period 1961-2005 (%)
Period Public Private Total GDP
Consumption Consumption Consumption 1961-1986 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.6 1987-2005 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.6
• Evolution of prices at consumption (%) :
First decade (1962-1971) : 3.8 Second decade (1972-1981) : 6.5 6th Plan (1982-1986) : 9.2 7th Plan (1987-1991) : 7.6 8th Plan (1992-1996) : 4.9 9th Plan (1997-2001) : 2.9 10th Plan (2002-2005) : 2.8 {mospagebreak}
• Situation of the agricultural sector (1956 – 1986): Agricultural lands Pastures Annual cultivations tree cultivation 9.000,000 ha 4.250,000 ha 2.900,000 ha 830,000 ha
• Agricultural activity (1956-1986) :
- 5,000 big farmers in an area of 600,000 ha. - 450,000 small farmers in an area of 5.3 million ha.
• Share of the agricultural sector in the GDP, exports and employment
1956-1986 : - 31.2% of GDP - 21.8% of export incomings - 73% of the working population After the Change: - 15% of GDP - Covering 86% of imports by exports during the period between 1997-2005.
• Public investments in the sector of agriculture and fisheries (in million dinars)
- 1962-1970 : 1,494 M.D - 1987-1996 : 4,489 M.D - 1997-2006 : 8,518 M.D The volume of investments has increased fivefold.
• Evolution of investments and jobs in the manufacturing industries sector (1962-2006) :
Period Investments (MD) Jobs 1962-1972 150 50,000 1972-1981 1,117 100,000 1982-1986 1,544 -- 1987-1991 1,870 69,000 1992-1996 2,850 80,000 1997-2001 4,400 -- 2002-2006 5.190 -- The volume of investments has increased more than 34 times.
• Tourism:
• Evolution of bed capacity (1962-2004) : - 1962 : 4,000 - 1986 : 98,000 - 2004 : 226,000 The bed capacity has increased more than 56 times. • Incomings (1962-2004 / in MD) : - 1962 : 2 - 1986 : 385 - 2004 : 2,290 The volume of incomings has increased more than 1,100 times.
• Investments in the transport sector (1982-2006 / in MD) :
- 1982-1986 : 950 - 1997-2001 : 3,000 - 2002-2006 : 2,800 The volume of investments has increased nearly three times.
• Rate of local expenses in scientific research from the GDP (1991-2005) :
- 1991 : 0.27% - 2000 : 0.45% - 2005 : 1.05% The rate of expenses has increased about four times.
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